Performance of the 5th generation indoor wireless technologies-empirical study

The evolution of 5th generation (5G) cellular technology has introduced several enhancements and provides better performance compared to previous generations. To understand the real capabilities, the importance of the empirical studies is significant to also understand the possible limitations. This is very important especially from the service and use case point of view. Several test sites exist around the globe for introducing, testing, and evaluating new features, use cases, and performance in restricted and secure environments alongside the commercial operators. Test sites equipped with the standard technology are the perfect places for performing deep analysis of the latest wireless and cellular technologies in real operating environments. The testing sites provide valuable information with sophisticated quality of service (QoS) indicators when the 5G vertical use cases are evaluated using the actual devices in the carrier grade network. In addition, the Wi-Fi standards are constantly evolving toward higher bit rates and reduced latency, and their usage in 5G dedicated verticals can even improve performance, especially when lower coverage is sufficient. This work presents the detailed comparative measurements between Wi-Fi 6 and 5G New Radio (NR) performance in indoor facilities and extensive results carried out in 5G and beyond test site located in Finland. The results gathered from the extensive test sets indicate that the Wi-Fi 6 can outperform the 5G in the indoor environment in terms of throughput and latency when distance and coverage do not increase enormously. In addition, the usage of wireless technologies allows improved uplink performance, which is usually more limited in cellular networks. The gained results of our measurements provide valuable information for designing, developing, and implementing the requirements for the next-generation wireless applications

Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like proteinase may contribute to orodigestive carcinogenesis through immunomodulation

Background: Periodontal pathogens have been linked to oral and gastrointestinal (orodigestive) carcinogenesis. However, the exact mechanisms remain unknown. Treponema denticola (Td) is associated with severe periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease leading to tooth loss. The anaerobic spirochete Td is an invasive bacteria due to its major virulence factor chymotrypsin-like proteinase. Here we aimed to investigate the presence of Td chymotrypsin-like proteinase (Td-CTLP) in major orodigestive tumours and to elucidate potential mechanisms for Td to contribute to carcinogenesis. Methods: The presence of Td-CTLP within orodigestive tumour tissues was examined using immunohistochemistry. Oral, tonsillar, and oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas, alongside gastric, pancreatic, and colon adenocarcinomas were stained with a Td-CTLP-specific antibody. Gingival tissue from periodontitis patients served as positive controls. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot were used to analyse the immumodulatory activity of Td-CTLP in vitro. Results: Td-CTLP was present in majority of orodigestive tumour samples. Td-CTLP was found to convert pro MMP-8 and -9 into their active forms. In addition, Td-CTLP was able to degrade the proteinase inhibitors TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, as well as complement C1q. Conclusions: Because of its presence within tumours and regulatory activity on proteins critical for the regulation of tumour microenvironment and inflammation, the Td-CTLP may contribute to orodigestive carcinogenesis.Peer reviewe

Treponema denticola chymotrypsin-like protease as associated with HPV-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND: An opportunistic oral pathogen, Treponema denticola (Td), has been linked to orodigestive carcinogenesis, but its role in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has remained open. We evaluated the presence of Td chymotrypsin-like protease (Td-CTLP) in a series of 201 unselected consecutive OPSCC patients, and the relation of the Td-CTLP to human papillomavirus (HPV) status, to expression of toll-like receptors (TLR) 5, 7, and 9, and to clinical parameters and patient outcome. METHODS: Clinicopathological data came from hospital registries. The expression of cell surface-bound Td-CTLP was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Immunoexpression of TLRs 5, 7, and 9, and HPV status we studied earlier in this patient series. RESULTS: We detected Td-CTLP in 81% of the OPSCC, and especially in HPV-negative tumours (48% of all OPSCCs). Among the HPV-positive tumours (52% of all OPSCCs), low Td-CTLP expression associated with low TLR 5 and high TLR 7 expression. Among those HPV-negative, higher TLR 5 and lower TLR 7 expression associated with high Td-CTLP expression. Strong Td-CTLP expression associated with poor disease-specific survival, but no similar association among HPV-positive and HPV-negative subgroups emerged. CONCLUSIONS: Td-CTLP was highly expressed in OPSCC and was associated with the HPV status of tumour tissue.Peer reviewe

Betonirakenteisen ryömintätilan kosteustekninen tarkastelu

Tämä opinnäytetyö on tehty Vantaalla sijaitsevalle Asunto Oy Ukonriville. Työ käsittelee betonirakenteisen ryömintätilan kosteusteknistä toimintaa. Tarkoitus on selvittää tutkimuskohteen ryömintätiloissa esiintyvän kosteuden syitä, mahdollisia vaurioita rakenteissa sekä ehdottaa kestäviä korjaustoimenpiteitä. Työssä käydään läpi rakennusmääräyksiä ja ohjeita, joita on laadittu ryömintätilaisen alapohjan rakentamiseen. Lisäksi käsitellään tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat ryömintätilan kosteustasapainoon sekä otetaan kantaa alapohjarakenteen energiatehokkuuteen. Tutkimuksissa käytettiin apuna rakennusalan ammattilaisia, yhtiön asukkaita, koulun mittauslaitteita ja henkilökuntaa.The thesis was made for the housing company Asunto Oy Ukonrivi, which is located in Vantaa. The work handles moisture technical behaviour of concrete structures in subfloor space. The purpose was to find out what the reasons were for moisture in the subfloor space, possible damages in structures and to propose a course of action for the repair operation. The thesis goes through the building regulations and instructions, which have been made for constructing a base floor with subfloor space. In addition, factors that affect the moisture equilibrium of subfloor spaces are handled and a stance on the energy efficiency of base floor structures is taken. Building trade professionals, company residents, school instruments and staff have been used as assistance in research

Spatio-temporal error concealment techniques in scalable video coding:Master's Thesis

Modern technology has made it possible to transfer real-time video to various mobile terminals in wireless networks. The same video can be streamed to low bit rate mobile phones with low quality as well as high bit rate televisions with extremely high quality. Scalable video coding has enabled adaptive video transmission, where several types of sub-streams can be decoded from a single encoded stream with the desired spatial, temporal and quality characteristics that are suitable for the specific applications. However, the wireless transmission environment is very error-prone compared to the wired systems. A propagation channel can cause bit inversions and the network load can eventually lead to packet losses. Since the strict real-time requirements usually rule out the possibility of re-transmission, the transmission errors can result in a situation where parts of a video stream are missing, which in turn can lead to poor video quality. This means that error protection and concealment techniques are needed. This master’s thesis studies the spatio-temporal error concealment techniques in scalable video coding focusing on the error resilience in the scalable video extension of the H.264/AVC video coding standard. A new error concealment technique is developed in this work, which utilises the correctly received spatial enhancement layer information if the corresponding base layer is missing. The purpose of this research is to study whether this new technique is worth using rather than the traditional techniques that were also implemented in this work. Unlike the new method, the traditional methods discard the corresponding enhancement layer data in the case when the base layer is missing. In addition, an extensive simulation environment was set up in order to compare these different methods. The simulation results indicate that enhancement layer utilisation provides better results in the case of a missing base layer than the traditional error concealment methods. It can also be seen that the new error concealment technique is suitable for video sequences containing both plenty of motion and a relatively static background